Gender related differences in strength have been reported. acknowledged that while many studies have attempted to define normal values for the strength of shoulder muscles, there have been varying degrees of success because of a lack of standardization (plane of motion, position of the shoulder or stabilization of the body). noted the importance of having unaffected shoulders data for comparison in patients whose shoulder deficits manifest with bilateral involvement. discussed the value of assessing strength relative to a matched population, especially in the presence of a shoulder deficit, in order to characterize these deficits. Normative data is required for comparison to grade the extent of recovery. Objective assessment of strength provides information on integrity of the rotator cuff and is used to gauge the recovery of muscle function following intervention. The importance of objective measurements of strength and range of motion when evaluating shoulders is evidenced by the frequency with which they are reported in the literature. It is important to understand the relationship between impairments and measure of function/disability in persons without shoulder problems, as well as the effects of age and gender on these different aspects of shoulder function. Activity limitations can also be assessed by performance-based tests. Disability includes activity limitations and participation restrictions that are often best measured by self-report questionnaires. For shoulder disorders, impairments most commonly measured include range of motion and strength. In particular, outcome assessments increasingly encompass terminology and concept from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. There is an increased emphasis on using subjective and objective outcome measures to characterize function in persons with shoulder disorders.
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